In+Text+Citations

MLA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the Modern Language Association for acknowledging sources used in a research paper. MLA citation style uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system for citing sources: Citations in the Text of a paper are used to point to an alphabetical Works Cited list that appears at the end of the paper. Together, these references identify and credit the sources used in the paper and allow others to access and retrieve this material. Note: A parenthetical reference to a familiar historical document -- i.e., the United States Constitution -- no longer requires a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list.
 * MLA Citation Style**

In MLA style, references to sources are placed in the text of the paper to briefly identify sources for readers and enable them to locate the source of the cited information in the Works Cited list. These parenthetical references should be kept as brief and as clear as possible.
 * Citing sources in the text**
 * Give only the information needed to identify a source. Usually the author's last name and a page reference are all that is needed.
 * Place the parenthetical reference as close as possible to the material being documented and where a pause would naturally occur, preferably at the end of a sentence.
 * Parenthetical material should complement, not repeat, information given in the text. If you include an author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in your parenthetical statement.
 * The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that contains the cited material.
 * Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.
 * Place the parenthetical reference as close as possible to the material being documented and where a pause would naturally occur, preferably at the end of a sentence.
 * Parenthetical material should complement, not repeat, information given in the text. If you include an author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in your parenthetical statement.
 * The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that contains the cited material.
 * Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.
 * Parenthetical material should complement, not repeat, information given in the text. If you include an author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in your parenthetical statement.
 * The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that contains the cited material.
 * Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.
 * The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that contains the cited material.
 * Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.
 * Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.

and Waugh 23). When a work has no author, use the work's title or a shortened version of the title when citing it in text. (If abbreviating a title, omit initial articles and begin with the word by which it is alphabetized in the Works Cited list.): as stated by the presidential commission (Report 4).
 * Examples:**
 * Author's name in text** Dover has expressed this concern (118-21).
 * Author's name in reference** This concern has been expressed (Dover 118-21).
 * Multiple authors of a work** This hypothesis (Bradley and Rogers 7) suggested this theory (Sumner, Reichl,
 * Two locations** Williams alludes to this premise (136-39, 145).
 * Two works cited** (Burns 54; Thomas 327)
 * Multivolume works**
 * References to volumes and pages** (Wilson 2:1-18)
 * References to an entire volume** (Henderson, vol. 3)
 * In text reference to an entire volume** In volume 3, Henderson suggests
 * Corporate authors** (United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa 51-63)
 * Works with no author**
 * Online source with numbered paragraphs** (Fox, pars. 4-5)


 * For more detailed information about citing references in the text, please refer to the MLA resources listed below.**

References cited in the text of a research paper must appear at the end of the paper in a Works Cited list or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source that specifically supports your research.
 * Works Cited list**
 * Examples**
 * Arrange entries in alphabetical order by authors' last names (surnames), or by title for sources without authors.
 * Capitalize the first word and all other principal words of the titles and subtitles of cited works listed. (Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions, or the "to" in infinitives.)
 * Shorten the publisher's name; for example, omit articles, business abbreviations (Co., Inc.), and descriptive words (Press, Publisher).
 * When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them, placing a semicolon between each.
 * When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.
 * Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation**: Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * Capitalize the first word and all other principal words of the titles and subtitles of cited works listed. (Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions, or the "to" in infinitives.)
 * Shorten the publisher's name; for example, omit articles, business abbreviations (Co., Inc.), and descriptive words (Press, Publisher).
 * When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them, placing a semicolon between each.
 * When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.
 * Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * Shorten the publisher's name; for example, omit articles, business abbreviations (Co., Inc.), and descriptive words (Press, Publisher).
 * When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them, placing a semicolon between each.
 * When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.
 * Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * • When multiple publishers are listed, include all of them, placing a semicolon between each.
 * • When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.
 * • Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * When more than one city is listed for the same publisher, use only the first city.
 * Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * Use the conjunction "and," not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
 * **Pagination**: Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * **Pagination:** Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to designate page numbers.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * **Indentation:** Align the first line of the entry flush with the left margin, and indent all subsequent lines (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.
 * **Italics:** Choose a font in which the italic style contrasts clearly with the regular style.


 * "MLA Citation Style." Citation Management. Cornell University Library, 2011. Web. 2 Mar. 2011.**